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The literature on classroom environment from 1980 onwards is reviewed. Special reference is made to elementary settings and to students with behavioral deficits. Structure and organization, cognitive processes, student characteristics and teacher characteristics are all seen as being capable of modification. It is concluded that the achievement of a match between students' preferences and instructional settings is a necessary condition for maximizing their cognitive, social and affective outcomes.
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The backcasting methodology is proposed for scenario analysis of changes over 20–100 years into the future. Backcasting can be applied to areas of human activity; here it is assumed that the method will be used to analyse environment and development problems at the national level as part of studies undertaken within the Human Dimensions of Global Change Program. Some indications are given as to how to integrate natural system considerations into the human system scenarios.
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The Comprehensive Teacher Training Project (CTTP) was an innovative and successful Caribbean project in distance learning designed to assist prospective or untrained teachers to qualify for entry to training colleges, to produce four Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) "O" level courses, to develop a delivery and distribution system, and to promote the development of distance education in the region and abroad. The project has consistently worked to maintain a learner centered focus....
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The Embodied Mind provides a unique, sophisticated treatment of the spontaneous and reflective dimension of human experience. The authors argue that only by having a sense of common ground between mind in Science and mind in experience can our understanding of cognition be more complete. Toward that end, they develop a dialogue between cognitive science and Buddhist meditative psychology and situate it in relation to other traditions such as phenomenology and psychoanalysis.
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In this article, I review the diverse ways in which perceived self-efficacy contributes to cognitive development and functioning. Perceived self-efficacy exerts its influence through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective, and selection processes. There are three different levels at which perceived self-efficacy operates as an important contributor to academic development. Students' beliefs in their efficacy to regulate their own learning and to master academic...
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